Updates a patient record and enqueues a patients.update sync command. All fields are optional — only provided fields are updated. Returns 422 if the patient has not been synced to the EHR (no foreign_id). Phone numbers are written to typed fields in the integrated system, but many systems report the main number back as an untyped primary number — see the cell_phone_number and preferred_phone_number response fields for how that is surfaced.